Part 17: Existence of the Positional Advantage

We all know that the player who is last to act has an advantage because of position. There are various things that contribute to this advantage, like information, but those specifics are outside of the scope of this thread.

In the book "The Mathematics of Poker", the authors find the unexploitable strategies for various toy poker games, including heads-up push/fold no-limit hold'em. In each of the AKQ-style toy games (fixed-limit, spread-limit, no-limit) it's the player with position that has an advantage when the starting ranges between each of the players is the same and each player is playing unexploitably.

player in position can force an advantage. Intuitively, this seems obvious, but it's nice seeing some solid evidence. So we can speculate that the following theorem is true:

Positional Theorem: If all players in a hand have the same range, the player in position can force an advantage if all else is equal.